BREASTFEEDING - LACTATION - INFANT APPETITE

BREASTFEEDING - LACTATION - INFANT APPETITE 

1. LEAF411 does NOT promote or suggest using cannabis while pregnant or breastfeeding due to no concrete studies on either side as of yet. Positive THC screens can lead to legal issues with Department of Child Protective Services, Obstetricians, hospital protocols, etc.  Leaf411 nurses will always guide our callers to speak to a physician if contemplating use and to the support links for additional resources.

• 2023
• Cannabidiol exposure through maternal marijuana use: predictions in breastfed infants. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40262-023-01307-6
• Cannabis and Breastfeeding. The Facts. (news – 2017)
  https://sapiensoup.com/cannabis-breastfeeding
• 2020
• Review: Pro-inflammatory cytokines and hypothalamic inflammation: implications for insufficient feed intake of transition dairy cows. (Germany, full, 2020) https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal/article/review-proinflammatory-cytokines-and-hypothalamic-inflammation-implications-for-insufficient-feed-intake-of-transition-dairy-cows/59DA58204983FE889C060D7D39121024/core-reader 
• Cannabis Use During Lactation: Literature Review and Clinical Recommendations. (Canada, abstract in English & French, 2020) https://www.jogc.com/article/S1701-2163(19)30984-3/fulltext 
• 2019
• Endocannabinoid Metabolome Characterization of Milk from Guatemalan Women Living in the Western Highlands. (USA/ Guatemala, full, 2019) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6517780/ 
• Stress during Lactation Induces Insulin Resistance Associated with an Increase in Type 1 Cannabinoid Receptors in Liver and Adipose Tissue. (Chile, full, 2019) https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnme/2019/2806519/ 
• Satiety Factors Oleoylethanolamide, Stearoylethanolamide, and Palmitoylethanolamide in Mother's Milk Are Strongly Associated with Infant Weight at Four Months of AgeData from the Odense Child Cohort. (Denmark/Sweden, full, 2019) https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/11/1747/htm 
• Characterization of the endocannabinoid system in subcutaneous adipose tissue in periparturient dairy cows and its association to metabolic profiles. (Israel, full, 2019) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6221292/ 
• Whole blood transcriptome analysis in ewes fed with hemp seed supplemented diet. (Italy, full, 2019) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-52712-6 
• Cigarette smoke during lactation in rat female progeny: Late effects on endocannabinoid and dopaminergic systems. (Brazil, abstract, 2019) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320519305016?via%3Dihub 
• Involvement of plasma endocannabinoids and the hypothalamic endocannabinoid system in increasing feed intake after parturition of dairy cows. (Germany, abstract, 2019) https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/501208 
• Maternal coconut oil intake on lactation programs for endocannabinoid system dysfunction in adult offspring. (Brazil, abstract, 2019) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0278691519302637?via%3Dihub 
• The effects of storage conditions on long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipid mediators, and antioxidants in donor human milk - A review. (UK, abstract, 2019) https://www.plefa.com/article/S0952-3278(19)30043-2/fulltext 
• Management of Cannabis Use in Breastfeeding Women: The Untapped Potential of Certified Lactation Consultants. (USA, abstract, 2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31859520/ 
• 2018
• Minuscule Amounts of THC Found in Breast Milk – Is it Harmful? (news–2018)
  http://tokinwoman.blogspot.com/2018/08/minuscule-amounts-of-thc-found-in.html
• Human Milk and Donkey Milk, Compared to Cow Milk, Reduce Inflammatory Mediators and Modulate Glucose and Lipid Metabolism, Acting on Mitochondrial Function and Oleylethanolamide Levels in Rat Skeletal Muscle. (Italy, full, 2018) https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.00032/full 
• Cannabis. (USA, full, 2018) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501587/ 
• Dronabinol. (USA, full, 2018) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501596/ 
• Marijuana Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Implications for Neonatal and Childhood Outcomes. (USA, full, 2018) https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/3/e20181889.long 
• Marijuana Use by Breastfeeding Mothers and Cannabinoid Concentrations in Breast Milk (USA, full, 2018) https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/3/e20181076.long 
• Endocannabinoid Metabolome Characterization of Transitional and Mature Human Milk. (USA, full, 2018) https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/9/1294/htm 
• Maternal high-fat diet consumption induces sex-dependent alterations of the endocannabinoid system and redox homeostasis in liver of adult rat offspring. (Brazil, full, 2018) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-32906-0 
• Transfer of Inhaled Cannabis Into Human Breast Milk. (USA, full, 2018) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2018/05000/Transfer_of_Inhaled_Cannabis_Into_Human_Breast.5.aspx 
• Co-use of tobacco and marijuana during pregnancy: Pathways to externalizing behavior problems in early childhood. (USA, full, 2018) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6396313/ 
• Marijuana use during and after pregnancy and association of prenatal use on birth outcomes: A population-based study. (USA, link to PDF, 2018) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324093683_Marijuana_use_during_and_after_pregnancy_and_association_of_prenatal_use_on_birth_outcomes_A_population-based_study 
• A Modern Conundrum for the Pediatrician: The Safety of Breast Milk and the CannabisUsing Mother. (USA, article, 2018) https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/3/e20181921.long 
• Public Health Implications of Recent Breastfeeding Research Regarding Cannabis Use and Risk of Childhood Obesity. (Israel, 1st page, 2018) https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/bfm.2018.0131?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed& 
• Endocannabinoids as endometrial inflammatory markers in lactating Holstein cows. (Iran/ Italy, abstract, 2018) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29542183/ 
• Cannabis Use During the Perinatal Period in a State With Legalized Recreational and Medical Marijuana: The Association Between Maternal Characteristics, Breastfeeding Patterns, and Neonatal Outcomes. (USA, abstract, 2018) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29605394/ 
• Ethical Issues Arising from Marijuana Use by Nursing Mothers in a Changing Legal and Cultural Context. (USA, abstract, 2018) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10730-018-9368-1 
• 2017
• Researchers develop new method to detect cannabinoids in breast milk (news–2017)
  http://www.news-medical.net/news/20170112/Researchers-develop-new-method-to-detect-cannabinoids-in-breast-milk.aspx
• Cannabis and Breastfeeding. The Facts (news–2017) https://sapiensoup.com/cannabis-breastfeeding
• Oral Administration of the Endocannabinoid Anandamide during Lactation: Effects on Hypothalamic Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor and Food Intake in Adult Mice. (Chile, full, 2017) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5541785/ 
• Maternal Cannabinoid Use Alters Cannabinoid (CB1) and Endothelin (ETB) Receptor Expression in the Brains of Dams but Not Their Offspring. (USA, abstract, 2017) https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Maternal-Cannabinoid-Use-Alters-Cannabinoid-(CB1)-Amlani-Hornick/de0e18ec0ef5ef6908efc71413ce0074ee5e5afc 
• Pharmacologic Implications of Marijuana Use During Pregnancy. (USA, abstract, 2017) https://nwhjournal.org/article/S1751-4851(17)30097-1/fulltext 
• 2016
• Sensitive Quantification of Cannabinoids in Milk by Alkaline Saponification–Solid Phase Extraction Combined with Isotope Dilution UPLC–MS/MS. (USA, full, 2016) https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsomega.6b00253 
• Dietary conjugated linoleic acid supplementation alters the expression of genes involved in the endocannabinoid system in the bovine endometrium and increases plasma progesterone concentrations. (Iran, link to PDF, 2016) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302977242_Dietary_conjugated_linoleic_acid_CLA_supplementation_alters_the_expression_of_genes_involved_in_the_endocannabinoid_system_in_the_bovine_endometrium_and_increases_plasma_progesterone_concentrations 
• Oxylipins, endocannabinoids, and related compounds in human milk: levels and effects of storage conditions. (Sweden/ USA, abstract, 2016) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1098882315300174 
• 2015
• 8 things you didn’t know about hemp (news-2015)
  http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/8-things-didnt-know-hemp/
  
• The endocannabinoid anandamide during lactation increases body fat content and CB1 receptor levels in mice adipose tissue. (Chile, full, 2015) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4491858/ 
• Magnolol inhibits the inflammatory response in mouse mammary epithelial cells and a mouse mastitis model. (China, link to PDF, 2015) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297337377_Magnolol_Inhibits_the_Inflammatory_Response_in_Mouse_Mammary_Epithelial_Cells_and_a_Mouse_Mastitis_Model 
• 2014
• The Common Link Between Breast Milk, Cannabis and Tea (news–2014)  http://theleafonline.com/c/science/2014/04/the-common-link-between-breast-milk-cannabis-and-tea/
• 2012
• Cannabinoids, like those found in marijuana, occur naturally in human breast milk (news-2012)  http://www.naturalnews.com/036526_cannabinoids_breast_milk_THC.html