INFANTS – Leaf411

INFANTS

LEAF411's Pregnant or Breastfeeding Position Statement:
- Leaf411 does NOT promote or suggest using any form of cannabis while pregnant or breastfeeding due to no concrete studies on either side as of yet unless recommended by a physician.
- Positive THC screens can lead to legal issues with Department of Child Protective Services, Obstetricians, hospital protocols, etc. so be aware.
- Leaf411 nurses will always guide callers to speak to their physician if contemplating use and guide callers to the Leaf411 Library for additional resources.
- (0 to 2 years or equivalent) NOTE- Small children do not react to cannabis like adults. They can experience breathing trouble and other serious problems, especially with high-doses of THC (some edibles, hash, etc). The smaller the child, the more danger.
Mortality within the first two years in infants exposed to opiate, cocaine or cannabinoid during gestation. (1997) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9200364

Prenatal exposure to recreational drugs affects global motion perception in preschooler children (journal article-2015) https://www.nature.com/articles/srep16921
2020
Cannabis Use During Lactation: Literature Review and Clinical Recommendations. (Canada, abstract, 2020) https://www.jogc.com/article/S1701-2163(19)30984-3/fulltext
Recreational Cannabis Legalization in the US and Maternal Use during the Preconception, Prenatal, and Postpartum Periods. (USA, full, 2020) https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/3/909/htm
2019
The Association of Concomitant Maternal Marijuana Use on Health Outcomes for Opioid Exposed Newborns in Massachusetts, 2003-2009. (USA, abstract, 2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31843217/
Synthetic pharmaceutical grade cannabidiol for treatment of refractory infantile spasms: A multicenter phase-2 study. (USA/ Belgium, abstract, 2019) https://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(19)30916-3/fulltext
Unintentional cannabis intoxication in young children: Toward a standardized procedure for biological monitoring and follow-up? (France, abstract, 2019) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352007819301349
Cannabis intoxication after accidental ingestion in infants: urine and plasma concentrations of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), THC-COOH and 11-OH-THC in 10 patients. (France, abstract, 2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31441354/
Unintentional Pediatric Marijuana Exposures Prior to and After Legalization and Commercial Availability of Recreational Marijuana in Washington State. (USA, abstract, 2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30846215/
Hospital Variation in Child Protection Reports of Substance Exposed Infants. (USA, abstract, 2019) https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Hospital-Variation-in-Child-Protection-Reports-of-Rebbe-Mienko/e035297b24dec3f72faadbdc8e438c354b315efe
Cannabinoid toxicity in pediatrics. (USA, abstract, 2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30694824/
Cannabis poisoning under the age of 3 years. (Spain, abstract, 2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30638345/
Smoke Exposure, Cytokine Levels, and Asthma Visits in Children Hospitalized for Bronchiolitis. (USA, abstract, 2019) https://hosppeds.aappublications.org/content/hosppeds/early/2018/12/05/hpeds.2018-0067.full.pdf
Maternal Marijuana Exposure and Birth Weight: An Observational Study Surrounding Recreational Marijuana Legalization. (USA, abstract, 2019) https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0039-1694793
A 21st Century Problem: Cannabis Toxicity in a 13-Month-Old Child. (USA, full, 2019) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0736467918309594
Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Multiple Doses of Pharmaceutical-Grade Synthetic Cannabidiol in Pediatric Patients with Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy. (USA/ Belgium, full, 2019) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40263-019-00624-4
Why I campaign for children like my son Alfie Dingley to be able to get medical cannabis (full–2019) https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l1921.long
2018
Unintentional Pediatric Marijuana Exposures at a Tertiary Care Children's Hospital in Washington State: A Retrospective Review. (USA, abstract, 2018) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30601351/
Ethical Issues Arising from Marijuana Use by Nursing Mothers in a Changing Legal and Cultural Context. (USA, abstract, 2018) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10730-018-9368-1
Acute Marijuana Intoxication in Children. (USA, abstract, 2018) https://www.healio.com/pediatrics/journals/pedann/2018-12-47-12/%7Bdb05b271-b2c8-4d12-a528-d12dc70cc601%7D/acute-marijuana-intoxication-in-children#divReadThis
Cannabis Use During the Perinatal Period in a State With Legalized Recreational and Medical Marijuana: The Association Between Maternal Characteristics, Breastfeeding Patterns, and Neonatal Outcomes. (USA, abstract, 2018) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29605394/
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THC-A) in urine of a 15-month-old child: A case report. (Italy, abstract, 2018) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0379073818301178?via%3Dihub
Altered hair endocannabinoid levels in mothers with childhood maltreatment and their newborns. (Germany, abstract, 2018) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301051118301972
Intoxication From Accidental Marijuana Ingestion in Pediatric Patients: What May Lie Ahead. (USA, abstract, 2018) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29406477/
The Continued Impact of Marijuana Legalization on Unintentional Pediatric Exposures in Colorado. (USA, abstract, 2018) https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0009922818805206?rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org
Public Health Implications of Recent Breastfeeding Research Regarding Cannabis Use and Risk of Childhood Obesity. (Israel, 1st page, 2018) https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/bfm.2018.0131?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3Dpubmed&
A Modern Conundrum for the Pediatrician: The Safety of Breast Milk and the CannabisUsing Mother. (USA, article, 2018) https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/3/e20181921.long
Medical Cannabis for Pediatric Moderate to Severe Complex Motor Disorders. (Israel, PDF, 2018) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325179753_Medical_Cannabis_for_Pediatric_Moderate_to_Severe_Complex_Motor_Disorders
Marijuana use during and after pregnancy and association of prenatal use on birth outcomes: A population-based study. (USA, PDF, 2018) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324093683_Marijuana_use_during_and_after_pregnancy_and_association_of_prenatal_use_on_birth_outcomes_A_population-based_study
Prenatal exposure to tobacco and cannabis: Effects on autonomic and emotion regulation. (USA, full, 2018) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6161361/
An epidemiological, developmental and clinical overview of cannabis use during pregnancy. (Netherlands/ Norway/ USA, full, 2018) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743518302676
Co-use of tobacco and marijuana during pregnancy: Pathways to externalizing behavior problems in early childhood. (USA, full, 2018) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6396313/
Transfer of Inhaled Cannabis Into Human Breast Milk. (USA, full, 2018) https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2018/05000/Transfer_of_Inhaled_Cannabis_Into_Human_Breast.5.aspx
Additive drug-specific and sex-specific risks associated with co-use of marijuana and tobacco during pregnancy: Evidence from 3 recent developmental cohorts (2003-2015). (USA, full, 2018) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6116514/
Marijuana and Tobacco Coexposure in Hospitalized Children. (USA, full, 2018) https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/6/e20180820.long
Marijuana Use by Breastfeeding Mothers and Cannabinoid Concentrations in Breast Milk (USA, full, 2018) https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/3/e20181076.long
Marijuana Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Implications for Neonatal and Childhood Outcomes. (USA, full, 2018) https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/142/3/e20181889.long
Pediatric Death Due to Myocarditis After Exposure to Cannabis. (USA, full, 2018) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5965161/
Dronabinol. (USA, full article from Drugs and Lactation Database, 2018) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501596/
Cannabis. (USA, full article from Drugs and Lactation Database, 2018) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501587/
Drug Use during Pregnancy and its Consequences: A Nested Case Control Study on Severe Maternal Morbidity. (Brazil, abstract, 2018) https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/html/10.1055/s-0038-1667291
Minuscule Amounts of THC Found in Breast Milk – Is it Harmful? (news – 2018)
http://tokinwoman.blogspot.com/2018/08/minuscule-amounts-of-thc-found-in.html
2017
Unintentional Cannabis Ingestion in Children: A Systematic Review. (USA, abstract, 2017) https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Unintentional-Cannabis-Ingestion-in-Children%3A-A-Richards-Smith/e136bc38a30e23229f067456a9e0c4cca42a65c1
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) administration after neonatal exposure to phencyclidine potentiates schizophrenia-related behavioral phenotypes in mice. (USA, abstract, 2017) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091305717301211
A 10-year review of cannabis exposure in children under 3-years of age: do we need a more global approach? (France, abstract, 2017) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00431-017-2872-5
Pharmacologic Implications of Marijuana Use During Pregnancy. (USA, abstract, 2017) https://nwhjournal.org/article/S1751-4851(17)30097-1/fulltext
Drowsiness and uncommon fever in a child after cannabis ingestion. (France, abstract, 2017) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28751294/
What effects—if any—does marijuana use during pregnancy have on the fetus or child? (USA, Abstract, 2017) https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/handle/10355/60991
Mothering under the influence: how perinatal drugs of abuse alter the mother-infant interaction. (Italy, PDF, 2017) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321450603_Mothering_under_the_influence_How_perinatal_drugs_of_abuse_alter_the_mother-infant_interaction
Cannabis Use during Pregnancy: Pharmacokinetics and Effects on Child Development. (USA, full, 2017) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6211194/
Cannabis use by women during pregnancy does not influence infant DNA methylation of the dopamine receptor DRD4. (Australia/ France, full, 2017) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5706968/
Pot and pregnancy: Mom’s Choice or Child Safety? (news–2017) http://abc30.com/health/pot-and-pregnancy-moms-choice-or-child-safety/1898683/
Is Smoking Weed While Pregnant Really So Bad? (news–2017) https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/gyy8pm/is-smoking-weed-while-pregnant-really-so-bad-v24n7
Why More Women Are Smoking Weed While Pregnant (news–2017) https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ypv497/why-more-women-are-smoking-weed-while-pregnant
Cannabis and Breastfeeding. The Facts (news–2017) https://sapiensoup.com/cannabis-breastfeeding
2016
Combination of marijuana and tobacco in pregnancy may compound risks (news–2016) http://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-pregnancy-marijuana-tobacco-idUSKCN0YV2BN
Marijuana Use During Pregnancy Does Not Increase Birth Risk, Study Finds (news–2016) http://www.ibtimes.com/marijuana-use-during-pregnancy-does-not-increase-birth-risk-study-finds-2413521
Using Pot While Pregnant Not Tied to Birth Risks (news–2016) https://www.yahoo.com/news/using-pot-while-pregnant-not-tied-birth-risks-145926831.html
Is It Safe to Use Cannabis During Pregnancy? (news–2016) https://www.marijuanatimes.org/is-it-safe-to-use-cannabis-during-pregnancy/
For the First Time Ever, Cannabis Oil Will Be Used in a Hospital — To Save a 2-Month
Old Baby Girl (news–2016) http://thefreethoughtproject.com/2-month-old-baby-youngest-patient-receive-cannabis-treatment-hospital/#JYCuPGHHE4SiwfOu.99
Even in legal weed states, parents who consume pot can still lose custody of their kids (news–2016) http://www.thecannifornian.com/cannabis-news/california-news/parents-facing-custody-issues-marijuana-see-hope-prop-64/
2015
Pity the Poor Stormtroopers: Baby Bou-Bou Ambushed Them (Updated, May 21) (news–2015) http://freedominourtime.blogspot.com/2015/05/pity-poor-stormtroopers-baby-bou-bou.html
2013
Toronto family hopes for access to controversial treatment to cure baby’s rare epilepsy (news-2013) http://globalnews.ca/news/714104/toronto-family-hopes-for-access-to-controversial-treatment-to-curebabys-rare-epilepsy/
2012
Cannabis For Infant’s Brain Tumor, Doctor Calls Child “A Miracle Baby” (news-2012) http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/01/cannabis-for-infants-brai_n_2224898.html
Strange Reason for Baby’s Positive Pot Test Found (news-2012) http://www.livescience.com/36461-baby-soaps-newborns-test-positive-pot.html
2011
What An Expectant Mother Eats Affects Children’s Psychology in Later Life (news–2011) http://nanopatentsandinnovations.blogspot.com/2011/01/what-expectant-mother-eats-affects.html